光伏发电是利用半导体界面的光生伏特效应而将光能直接转变为电能的一种技术。主要由太阳电池板（组件）、控制器和逆变器三大部分组成，主要部件由电子元器件构成。太阳能电池经过串联后进行封装保护可形成大面积的太阳电池组件，再配合上功率控制器等部件就形成了光伏发电装置。

原理：在太阳光照射到PN结上时，PN结吸收光能激发出电子和空穴，在PN结中产生电压，称为“光生伏特效应”或简称“光伏效应”。简单来说就是光伏效应就是把 “光”转化成了 “电”的过程。

太阳能电池是一种由于光生伏特效应而将太阳光能直接转化成电能的器件，是一个半导体光电二极管，当电池的两端出现异号电荷积累，就会产生光电效应，光子照射到金属上时，它的能量会被金属中某个电子全部吸收，电子吸收足够多的能量，离开金属表面成为光电子。

而在光的作用下，太阳能电池的两端产生电动势，通过界面层的电荷分离，将光能转换成电磁波，通过转化电磁波（光子）进行发电，在硅片的两边加上电极并接入电压表，接通电路后就形成电流，对晶体硅太阳能电池来说，界面层吸收的光能越多，界面层即电池面积越大，在太阳能电池中形成的电流也越大，这就是光伏太阳能板的工作原理。

光伏电站在把太阳能转化为电能的过程中，不会产生任何的电磁辐射，只有把直流电转换为交流电的时候才会产生少量电磁辐射，且低于常用家用电器。

经科学测定，太阳能光伏发电系统的电磁环境低于各项指标的限值。在工频段，太阳能光伏发电系统电磁环境甚至低于正常使用的常用家用电器时产生的量值，不会对人身健康产生影响。 

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Solar cell is a device that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy due to photovoltaic effect. It is a semiconductor photodiode. When different charges accumulate at both ends of the cell, it will produce photoelectric effect. When photons irradiate on the metal, its energy will be fully absorbed by an electron in the metal. The electron absorbs enough energy and leaves the metal surface to become photoelectron.
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Nuair a thiontófar fuinneamh solaire go fuinneamh leictreach, ní tháirgfidh stáisiúin chumhachta photó-fhuinnimh aon radaíocht leictreamaigneach ach amháin nuair a thiontófar cumhacht DC go cumhacht AC, ní tháirgfidh siad méid beag radaíochta leictreamaigneach, atá níos ísle ná ráthú gnách-fheisteanna teaghlaigh.
Trí thomhas eolaíoch, tá timpeallacht leictreamaighnéadach an chórais ghiniúcháin cumhachta fótáilteach solaire níos ísle ná teorainn táscairí éagsúla. Sa rannóg minicíochta cumhachta, tá timpeallacht leictreamaighnéadach an chórais ghiniúcháin cumhachta photó-fharraige níos ísle fiú ná timpeallacht na ngléasanna teaghlaigh a úsáidtear go coitianta, nach mbeidh tionchar acu ar shláinte an duine.